In order to combat corruption, however, we need to understand the root causes behind it. The mega-scams that are unfolding today - the 2G spectrum allocation scam, CWG scam, KG basin gas scam etc - show how thousands of crores worth of public resources have been illicitly cornered by a section of big corporates, bureaucrats and ministers. Moreover, corrupt ministers have been allowed to remain in the government for months and the investigations manipulated, in order to obstruct the course of justice.
While corruption in high places has been a feature of our political system for many decades, what has emerged as a dominant trend in the post-liberalization period is a thorough distortion of the policy-making process at the highest levels of the government. A nexus of big corporates, politicians and bureaucrats has matured under the neoliberal regime and made our system more vulnerable to cronyism and criminality. This is also why economic growth has such an iniquitous impact, allowing a few corporate entities and rich individuals to reach the top of the global wealth lists, even as the bulk of the population suffers from stagnant and insecure living standards.
CPI (M) believes that in order to combat corruption and ensure that the benefits of economic development are widely spread among the people and not cornered by a few, this nexus of big corporates, politicians and bureaucrats has to be thoroughly exposed and dismantled.
Neoliberal Regime: Scams Galore
The beginning of the liberalization process in India in the 1980s was accompanied by the Bofors scandal, which tainted the Prime Minister’s office for the first time in the post-independence period. Since the full-fledged implementation of neoliberal reforms in 1991, we have seen a secular rise in the magnitude and sophistication of corruption and financial crimes — from the stock market, hawala and telecom scams of the Narasimha Rao era, to the murky defence deals, the UTI scam and the fire sale of underpriced public assets under the Vajpayee government, to the 2G spectrum allocation, CWG, KG basin gas and other scams unfolding under the present Prime Minister’s tenure. While the Bofors scam involved kickbacks of Rs. 64 crore, each of the scams happening nowadays is worth tens of thousands of crores. At the State level too, scams have proliferated related to the grabbing of mineral resources and land by big corporates and real estate developers, with ‘business friendly’ state governments acting as ‘facilitators’. This exponential growth of corruption and the process of neoliberal reforms are not merely coincidental; the former has been a direct outcome of the enmeshing of big money, vested interests and politics, brought about by the latter.
2G Scam: The 2G spectrum allocation scam is the biggest scam unearthed in recent times. The former Telecom Minister A. Raja disbursed 122 2G licenses and spectrum in January 2008. Rather than auctioning these licenses and spectrum, they were allocated on a totally arbitrary first-come-first-served basis, at prices that were fixed in 2001. In the meantime, the mobile subscriber base in India had increased from 40 lakh in 2001 to nearly 30 crore in 2008, thereby substantially enhancing the market price of spectrum, which is a scarce resource. CPI (M) had objected to the tainted process of 2G spectrum allocation in 2008 itself, which was ignored by the Prime Minister.
As per the CAG report, the beneficiaries of the under priced spectrum allocated in 2008 include all the major corporates in the telecom sector, from Tata Teleservices and Reliance Telecom to Bharti, Vodafone, Idea etc. Besides, two real estate players, Unitech and DB Realty (Swan) also received underpriced spectrum and made huge windfall gains by selling their equity to foreign companies, Telenor and Etisalat, respectively. The CAG has calculated the loss of government revenue on account of the allocation of under priced spectrum to be in the range of Rs. 57666 crore (on the basis of the value of equity sold by Swan to Etisalat) to Rs. 176645 (on the basis of the spectrum price discovered through the 3G auction in 2010).
Despite the exposure, the UPA government refused to take action against A. Raja till the Supreme Court intervened to take over the investigation. Finally, the CBI arrested Raja and the former Telecom Secretary in February 2011. Subsequently, the promoter of Swan telecom and five more top corporate executives from DB Realty, Unitech and Reliance ADAG group have also been arrested. With further revelations of Rs. 200 crore kickbacks paid by DB Realty to Kalaignar TV, a DMK MP who owns 20% stake in the TV channel, alongwith its CEO, have also been put behind bars. Several more corporate executives from the major telecom companies have been questioned by the CBI and it is possible that more arrests will be made in the coming days. Thanks to the Supreme Court, action has been initiated against some of the corporates, bureaucrats and ministers involved in the 2G scam.
It has also been made clear in the CAG report that the Prime Minister and other members of the Cabinet were fully aware of the dubious acts of A. Raja as the Telecom Minister. The role of the other Cabinet ministers in the entire affair is being looked into by the JPC and the PAC. The Prime Minister is yet to come up with a satisfactory explanation on why nothing was done to stop the illegal allocation of licenses and spectrum despite prior warnings from several quarters. It was recently revealed by the Department of Economic Affairs before the JPC that the then Finance Minister P Chidambaram had meetings with the former Telecom Minister Raja in May 2008 following which they had reported their “agreed position” on the 2G spectrum allocation to the Prime Minister. No minutes of these meetings were recorded. This brings the former Finance Minister’s role into question. Moreover, the new Telecom Minister from the Congress is refusing to act and recover the lost revenues from the corporate beneficiaries of the scam. The Congress is therefore not above board in the 2G scam.
CPI (M) has been demanding that full market price be recovered from the companies which secured the 2G licenses and spectrum illegally in 2008 to recoup the losses to the national exchequer, or their licenses cancelled and re-auctioned. This will be the litmus test for the government.
Another Telecom Scam: Another Minister of the UPA government from the DMK, Dayanidhi Maran, has recently resigned from the cabinet. It is noteworthy that the CPI (M) had vehemently opposed the policy decision to raise the FDI limit in the telecom sector to 74% when Maran was the Telecom Minister (from 2004 to 2007). CBI is now investigating allegations that Maran forced the former owner of Aircel to sell his company to another Malaysia based company, Maxis, owned by a business tycoon of Indian origin. After Maxis acquired Aircel, it was granted 14 licenses to operate in various parts of the country. It is alleged that the Maxis owner in return invested Rs. 800 crore in Sun TV, which is owned by Dayanidhi Maran’s brother. The Sun TV network has emerged as the largest media conglomerate in the country today and Sun Direct (in which the Maxis owner invested money) has become the largest DTH service provider. This is a classic example of how crony capitalism works. CPI (M) demands thorough investigation of the allegations against Dayanidhi Maran and Sun TV and strong action if the charges are proven.
CWG Scam: A huge amount of public resources were looted and squandered in the run up to the Common Wealth Games held in October 2010 in New Delhi. Despite many reports appearing in the media regarding the messy preparations for the games and absurdly overpriced contracts awarded to favoured companies by the CWG Organising Committee headed by Congress MP Suresh Kalmadi, the government failed to prevent the misdeeds. After the games were over, the central government appointed a committee under former CAG V.K. Shunglu, which came out with revelations of corruption against several persons. Subsequently, Kalmadi has been arrested and charge sheeted by the CBI alongwith his cronies in the CWG Organising Committee for awarding a contract to a Swiss firm (Swiss Timing) to install a Timing-Scoring-Result system for an exorbitant price, causing a Rs. 95 crore loss to the exchequer. The Shunglu Committee has also indicted thethen Prasar Bharati chief and Doordarshan DG for improperly awarding broadcasting rights of CWG to a UK based company SIS Live causing a loss to the exchequer of Rs. 135 crore.
The Shunglu Committee has also indicted various departments under the Delhi State government and the central Urban Development ministry, alongwith agencies like the DDA, NDMC, MCD, PWD etc. for time and cost overruns, financial irregularities and misappropriation of funds allocated for rebuilding the city infrastructure and constructing the games village. Delays and improper payments made by the DDA to Emaar MGF, the company that built the games village, have caused over Rs. 1200 crore loss to the exchequer. The DDA’s bailout package for Emaar MGF amounting to Rs. 766 crore has also been questioned. Undue gains have also accrued to the contractors who undertook projects for building flyovers, street lighting, streetscaping etc.
The Delhi Lieutenant Governor Tejender Khanna and Chief Minister Sheila Dikshit have also been indicted. The Delhi government, on its part, has rubbished all the findings of the Shunglu Committee. This response is typical of the Congress, which has been trying to defend the guilty in all the corruption scandals. Congress leader Digvijay Singh has publicly defended Kalmadi. Once the final CAG report on the CWG is placed in the parliament, the role of the central government, Delhi government and the other agencies will become clearer.
CPI (M) demands strong action against all the officials and corporate beneficiaries of the CWG scam. Kalmadi and Co. are not the only scamsters involved. The role of all the agencies involved in the CWG, including the Delhi State government, which has been indicted by the Shunglu Committee must be scrutinized by the CAG and action taken against the guilty by the CBI. Cover-up attempts will not be tolerated.
KG Gas Scam: The other big scam which is presently unfolding relates to the Production Sharing Contract between the central government and the Reliance Industries on natural gas extracted from the Krishna-Godavari (KG) basin in the Bay of Bengal. A draft Performance Audit report of the CAG has already questioned the way the RIL was allowed to artificially inflate its development cost from $2.5 billion in the initial contract to $8.8 billion. When this was done in 2006, CPI (M) had strongly objected to this and alerted the then Petroleum Minister, who ignored the matter. Now the CAG has indicted the Director General of Hydrocarbons (DGH) and the Petroleum Ministry of conniving with the RIL, indulging in “irregularities and bending rules” to “oblige” RIL in the KG basin gas fields, leading to a massive and as yet “unquantifiable” loss to the national exchequer. Independent estimates suggest that total loss to the government would be to the tune of $10 billion or around Rs. 45000 crore.
The draft CAG report also points out that as per the Production Sharing Contract, Reliance should have relinquished 95% of the exploration area after a specified time period so that such areas could again be re-auctioned. Instead, the Petroleum Ministry and the DGH has declared the entire exploration area as “discovery area” allowing Reliance to retain this illegally. The loss to the exchequer – as per CAG – is difficult to quantify but “huge”.
The fixing of the gas price at $4.2 per unit by an EGoM headed by Pranab Mukherjee in September 2007 was another decision taken by the UPA government, which has massively favoured the RIL. The CPI (M) had objected to this too. The RIL had itself admitted in the court proceedings between it and Anil Ambani’s RRNL and NTPC that its cost price of gas was a maximum of $1.43 and it was willing to sell gas to NTPC at $ 2.34 in 2004. There is also evidence showing that NTPC and the union power and fertiliser ministries were opposed to the fixing of the gas price at such high levels. Yet the domestic gas price was linked to the price of crude oil in the international market by the UPA government and the price of gas fixed at $4.2 per unit.
CPI (M) had demanded action against the former DGH for colluding with the RIL and causing loss to the exchequer. He has recently been booked by the CBI in a 2005 case where he had awarded a contract to a US based company GX International at an inflated cost against kickbacks, causing a loss of Rs. 400 crore to the exchequer. This person needs to be arrested immediately. The role of the then Petroleum Minister also needs to be probed. CPI (M) has further demanded that the faulty pricing formula in the Production Sharing Contract with the RIL be amended forthwith so that the loss to the exchequer can be recovered. CPI (M) has also demanded a delinking of the domestic gas price from international crude oil price and fixing of gas price based on a cost-plus formula. The hesitation of the government in taking these steps expose the influence of the Reliance group on the Congress led government.
Other Scams: Several other scams have occurred in the recent period, which follow the similar pattern of ministries bending the rules to favour corporate entities against kickbacks. At the central level, there was the IPL scam where the MoS External Affairs had to resign following the exposure of his wife being given ‘sweat equity’ in Kochi IPL, on whose behalf he was openly canvassing. There was also the controversial deal between ISRO’s Antrix Corporation (which comes under the PMO) and Devas Multimedia, for S-band spectrum which was subsequently annulled, following exposures of huge losses to the exchequer owing to the deal. Allegations of wrongdoings have been made in the import and export of items like wheat, rice, sugar and onions in the past few years.
At the level of states, the BJP government in Karnataka is under the stranglehold of the Reddy brothers of Bellary, who have siphoned off crores of rupees in illegal mining of iron ore. There are serious allegations of a multi-crore land scam against the Chief Minister Yeddyurappa too, who denotified land meant for public projects and allocated it to his sons and other BJP leaders. The Adarsh Housing society scam was exposed in Maharashtra, where a multi-storied building meant for the family of Kargil martyrs was constructed violating rules and regulations and apartments were allotted in the names of relatives and friends of Ministers, senior bureaucrats and army officers, who had nothing to do with the Kargil war. The names of four former Chief Ministers of Maharashtra - Ashok Chavan, Vilasrao Deshmukh (Union Rural Development Minister), Sushil Shinde (Union Power Minister) and Narayan Rane – have been linked to wrongdoing. Another scam in Maharashtra involves the private luxury township of Lavasa being built in Pune district. Following the stoppage of work on the project due to violation of environmental regulations, it was alleged that family members of Union Agriculture Minister Sharad Pawar had owned stakes in the promoting company when it got clearance for the project from the Maharashtra government. All this shows how the state governments led by the Congress and the BJP are mired in corruption.
The Scourge of Black Money
Black money is the income that accrues to persons in violation of law. This can be due to evasion of taxes or other forms of illegal activities like receiving bribes and kickbacks, arms or drug dealing or financing of terrorism. Although it is difficult to quantify, it is generally believed, even in official circles that the amount of black money in India has reached enormous proportions. It is the rich and the powerful persons in India who possess and deal with black money, especially big businessmen and ruling class politicians. There is much evidence to suggest that huge amounts of black money are also stashed abroad in offshore bank accounts and tax havens. The existence of black money and its outflow abroad amount to a huge drain on the country’s resources. This wealth rightfully belongs to the nation and if recovered, can be used on social welfare projects and poverty eradication.
However, rather than cracking down on the criminals who possess black money, successive central governments have treated them with kid gloves. VDIS (Voluntary Disclosure of Income Schemes) have been announced giving amnesty to tax evaders provided they disclose their income and pay taxes at prevailing rates. Such schemes have utterly failed to check black money generation or to bring back black money from abroad. CPI (M) has always stood for unearthing and confiscation of black money in all it forms. Following the global financial crisis in 2008, there was an initiative by the advanced capitalist countries to crack down on tax havens and secret bank accounts. It was in this backdrop that the demand to crackdown on black money and bringing back money stashed in offshore bank accounts gained currency within India.
Estimates of Black Money: The Global Financial Integrity (GFI), a Washington based think tank, published a study authored by former IMF economist Dev Kar in November 2010 on illicit financial flows from India. As per this study, India lost a total of $213 billion in illicit financial flows (or illegal capital flight) between 1948 and 2008. These illicit financial flows were generally the product of corruption, bribery and kickbacks, criminal activities and tax evasion. The present value of these illicit financial flows was calculated to be at least $462 billion (over Rs. 20 lakh crore). Total capital flight represented approximately 16.6% of India's GDP in 2008.
High Net-Worth Individuals (HNWIs) and private companies were found to be the primary drivers of illicit flows out of India's private sector, besides the underground economy based on crimes. As per the GFI study, the Indian private sector shifted away from deposits into developed country banks over time towards increased deposits in offshore financial centers (OFCs). The share of OFC deposits increased from 36.4% in 1995 to 54.2% in 2009. Approximately 72% percent of India's illicit assets end up outside of the country. Significantly, the GFI study noted that deregulation and liberalization in the post-reform period of 1991-2008, accelerated the outflow of illicit money from the Indian economy.
Swiss Bank Accounts: Switzerland is infamous for its banking secrecy laws, which encourage tax evaders, frauds and scamsters across the world to deposit their illicit funds in Swiss banks without the fear of their names being disclosed to their respective governments. In recent times Swiss banks like the UBS, Credit Suisse and others have been under pressure from the US and European governments to crack down on money laundering and reveal the names of tax evaders maintaining accounts in them. It is believed that out of the $5 trillion worth of assets of foreign clients presently being managed by the Swiss banks, a substantial share is that of Indians (the largest share as per some sources).
This has recently been confirmed by Wikileaks founder Julian Assange, who has received a data list of clients of Swiss banks from a former banker Rudolf Elmer (who has been imprisoned by the Swiss authorities). Assange said that he clearly remembers Indians names in the list – which he hinted at making public in future – and criticized the Indian government for not adopting a proactive approach in recovering the money.
The CPI (M) has demanded that these illicit funds stashed in the Swiss banks by Indians be confiscated and repatriated to India. However, the UPA government’s attitude towards this has clearly been lackadaisical. The government had received a list of 26 Indians from the German government in 2010 who have secret deposits in the LGT Bank in Liechtenstein. This list has been submitted to the Supreme Court in an ongoing case on black money but the government has refused to make the list public citing compulsions under tax avoidance treaties. This is a specious argument since illicit funds concealed in offshore bank accounts, which amount to money laundering, are not covered under tax avoidance treaties. The deposits by 18 resident Indians in LGT Bank (5 out of 26 are NRIs and 3 could not be prosecuted) amount to a total of around Rs. 40 crore, against which a tax demand of Rs. 24 crore has been raised by the IT department.
That this is just a tip of the iceberg has been revealed in the case involving the Pune based businessman Hasan Ali Khan and his aide Kasinath Tapuria. Khan and Tapuria have tax demands worth Rs. 50000 crore and Rs. 20000 crore raised against them by the IT department. The Enforcement Directorate found documents during a raid at Hassan Ali’s Pune residence in 2007 suggesting a deposit worth over $8 billion (over Rs. 35000 crore) in UBS. Despite this, Hasan Ali was never interrogated rigorously till the Supreme Court intervened recently and put them under ED custody. It has been reported that in the recent interrogations Hasan Ali has revealed the names of several corporate heads, politicians and arms dealers whose money he has helped to launder. The government has also been repeatedly indicted by the Supreme Court over the lack of progress in unearthing black money.
Mauritius Route: A major conduit for tax evasion and money laundering is through the Mauritius route. India’s Double Taxation Avoidance Agreement (DTAA) with Mauritius allows companies with an office address in that island country to escape paying capital gains tax in India. The fact that this treaty is being thoroughly misused can be seen from the fact that out of the $132 billion (Rs. 5.9 lakh crore) of total FDI inflows into India between April 2000 and April 2011, $55 billion (Rs.2.4 lakh crore) or 41.5% came from Mauritius alone. During this period the FDI inflows from Singapore was $13 billion, $9.5 billion from the US and $6.6 billion from the UK. Why is it that a small island country like Mauritius accounts for over 8 times the amount of FDI inflows into India from the US, the largest economy of the world. This happens because MNCs and FIIs across the world set up offices in the Mauritius to invest into India and enjoys profits without having to pay taxes.
It is widely believed that much of the FDI routed through Mauritius is actually Indian money being round tripped and laundered. It is noteworthy that some of the recent scams in India, like the 2G scam or the IPL scam, involved channeling of funds through shell companies set up in Mauritius. The FIIs further make use of financial derivative instruments called Participatory Notes (PNs) to receive funds from undisclosed sources and investing them in the equity, debt and derivative markets. Currently, the total value of PNs is almost 20% of all assets under the custody of FIIs registered with the SEBI. The former National Security Advisor had remarked that even terrorist financiers are investing in Indian stock markets through these PNs and the RBI had recommended their total prohibition.
The CPI (M) has been consistently demanding the scrapping of the DTAA with Mauritius and a ban on PNs. Under pressure from the Left parties during the UPA-I government’s tenure, negotiations were initiated with the Mauritian government to plug the loopholes in the DTAA. However, there has been little progress on this so far. The main reason is the tremendous pressure built by the Indian corporates, MNCs and FIIs to maintain status quo. FIIs are also being allowed to make investments through PNs. It is important to build counter-pressure on the government in this regard.
Tax Defaulters: A huge amount of arrears of central taxes have accumulated over the years. The total outstanding arrear demand reached Rs. 2.5 lakh crore in 2010. Out of this around Rs. 1 lakh crore was held up because the tax assesses are untraceable or there are no assets to attach from them. These huge tax arrears have accumulated because of the chronic tax defaulters, who are getting away without paying their due taxes. The neoliberal medicine of cutting tax rates to enhance tax compliance has not worked. The IT department has reportedly prepared a list of 551 high net worth individuals and entities who have willfully defaulted or have unpaid taxes worth Rs. 25 crore and above. This list should be made public forthwith and the due taxes collected from them, by attaching their assets wherever necessary.
Root Cause of Corruption
When the neoliberal policies were introduced in 1991 under the aegis of the then Finance Minister Manmohan Singh, it was claimed that such economic reforms will not only lead to greater economic prosperity but also enhance the transparency and efficiency of governance. The neoliberal logic was simple: government is the source of all corruption and therefore privatization and liberalization, by lessening the role of the government, will get rid of corruption. Twenty years after the neoliberal reforms were initiated, this colossal falsehood stands thoroughly exposed.
The real source of corruption lies in the relentless greed for making more and more profits, which prevails under capitalism. In his first volume of Capital, Karl Marx quoted British trade unionist T.J. Dunning in a footnote in Chapter 31 to state:
Capital eschews no profit, or very small profit, just as Nature was formerly said to abhor a vacuum. With adequate profit, capital is very bold. A certain 10 per cent will ensure its employment anywhere; 20 per cent certain will produce eagerness; 50 per cent, positive audacity; 100 per cent will make it ready to trample on all human laws; 300 per cent, and there is not a crime at which it will scruple, nor a risk it will not run, even to the chance of its owner being hanged.
It is this urge to maximize profits at all costs which creates an environment conducive for corruption. Moreover, as Marx had argued, the development of capitalism leads to the concentration of wealth and assets in the hands of few big monopolies. These monopoly capitalists – the big corporates and financial magnates – seek to trample all laws and regulations in order to make more profits and grow bigger.
Neoliberal globalization has heightened this tendency manifold. The policies of liberalization and privatization have led to a pervasive and brazen dominance of the state and society by the big corporates and finance capital. The perverse consequences of this are seen in the policies pursued in the advanced capitalist countries. The war against Iraq was shaped by big companies like Exxon-Mobil, Bechtel and Dick Cheney’s Halliburton, who made enormous profits out of the destruction of the country by grabbing its mineral resources. The state funded bailout packages for the failed financial giants like the AIG and Citigroup after the 2008 financial crisis in the US is another instance. The Wall Street executives who caused the crisis by gambling with other people’s money have continued to receive fat bonuses, even as ordinary Americans have lost their homes and jobs and sunk into poverty.
The massive corruption, loot of public resources and generation of black money that we are witnessing in India today is also a fall out of the neoliberal policies being pursued by the ruling class parties like the Congress and the BJP for the last two decades. There is no longer an arm’s length that the state is supposed to maintain vis-à-vis private interests, especially the interests of big corporates. Having been enmeshed with big business interests, the state has also become a party to the lawlessness of the rich and the elite. This is inimical to the interests of ordinary people and if not reversed, would completely subvert the functioning of our democracy.
Conclusion
While many voices are being raised against corruption in India today, most anti-corruption campaigns are sidestepping the link between corruption and neoliberal policies. The CPI (M) firmly believes that any anti-corruption movement that only targets politicians in general and refuses to see the nexus of big corporates, politicians and bureaucrats as the fountainhead of corruption, would be ineffective. In order to combat corruption, we have to build a powerful mass movement to smash this nexus and initiate institutional reforms to insulate the state from vested interests and make it more transparent and accountable to the people. What India needs is a roll back of neoliberal reforms in order to redirect economic policies towards meeting the needs of the people and the ushering in of reforms in the legislature, executive and the judiciary to eliminate corruption and make it more efficient, transparent and accountable to the people.
ganashakti
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